The brain is a highly metabolically active organ requiring a large amount of glucose.
Methylglyoxal (MGO), a by-product of glucose metabolism, is known to be involved in …

Based on the concept of the tripartite synapse, we have reviewed the role of glucose-derived
compounds in glycolytic pathways in astroglial cells. Glucose provides energy and substrate …

α-Synuclein misfolding and aggregation is a hallmark in Parkinson's disease and in several
other neurodegenerative diseases known as synucleinopathies. The toxic properties of α …

Astrocytes are dynamic cells that maintain brain homeostasis by regulating neurotransmitter
systems, antioxidant defenses, inflammatory responses and energy metabolism. Astroglial …

Metformin, a biguanide compound (N-1, 1-dimethylbiguanide), is widely prescribed for
diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D) treatment. It also presents a plethora of properties, such as …

Methylglyoxal (MG) is a reactive dicarbonyl compound formed mostly via the glycolytic
pathway. Elevated blood glucose levels can cause MG accumulation in plasma and …

Diabetic patients and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) models exhibit
signals of brain dysfunction, evidenced by neuronal damage and memory impairment …

Protein glycation is an age-dependent posttranslational modification associated with several
neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. By modifying …

Intraneuronal aggregates of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), together with beta-amyloid
plaques and astrogliosis, are histological markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The …

Neuroinflammation is a key feature of cerebral complication which is associated with
diabetes mellitus (DM). Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is implicated in the …