The accurate and timely diagnosis of disease is a prerequisite for efficient therapeutic
intervention and epidemiological surveillance. Diagnostics based on the detection of nucleic …

Rapid and accurate molecular diagnosis is a prerequisite for precision medicine, food
safety, and environmental monitoring. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic …

The number and diversity of known CRISPR–Cas systems have substantially increased in
recent years. Here, we provide an updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas …

Bacteria are under immense evolutionary pressure from their viral invaders—
bacteriophages. Bacteria have evolved numerous immune mechanisms, both innate and …

Summary The cyclic pyrimidines 3′, 5′-cyclic cytidine monophosphate (cCMP) and 3′,
5′-cyclic uridine monophosphate (cUMP) have been reported in multiple organisms and …

CRISPR-Cas systems are host-encoded pathways that protect microbes from viral infection
using an adaptive RNA-guided mechanism. Using genome-resolved metagenomics, we find …

Viruses and their hosts are engaged in a constant arms race leading to the evolution of
antiviral defence mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed that the immune arsenal of …

Host defense against viral pathogens is an essential function for all living organisms. In cell-
intrinsic innate immunity, dedicated sensor proteins recognize molecular signatures of …

Beyond its remarkable genome editing ability, the CRISPR/Cas9 effector has also been
utilized in biosensing applications. The recent discovery of the collateral RNA cleavage …

Microbial systems underpin many biotechnologies, including CRISPR, but the exponential
growth of sequence databases makes it difficult to find previously unidentified systems. In …