Amphibian skin is a mucosal surface in direct and continuous contact with a microbially
diverse and laden aquatic and/or terrestrial environment. As such, frog skin is an important …

The gut is able to maintain tolerance to microbial and food antigens. The intestine minimizes
the number of harmful bacteria by shaping the microbiota through a symbiotic relationship …

Vertebrates harbor abundant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their gut microbiota. Alkaline
phosphatases can dephosphorylate and detoxify the endotoxin component of LPS. Here, we …

Background & Aims: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a class of transmembrane pattern
recognition receptors essential for microbial recognition and control of innate immune …

The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling pathway regulates immune responses and is
implicated in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. Given the well established …

Differential alteration of Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD) was first described 10 years ago. Since then, studies from many groups have led to the …

Studying the role of the human microbiome as it relates to human health status has
revolutionized our view of microbial community contributions to a large number of diseases …

Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD2 are emerging as key mediators of innate host defence in
the intestinal mucosa, crucially involved in maintaining mucosal as well as commensal …

Background Interleukin (IL)-12p70 and IL-23 are key T helper-1 (TH1) cytokines that drive
the inflammation seen in numerous models of intestinal inflammation. These molecules …

It is well documented that cells secrete exosomes, which can transfer biomolecules that
impact recipient cells' functionality in a variety of physiologic and disease processes. The …