When toads (Rhinella) are threatened they inflate their lungs and tilt the body towards the
predator, exposing their parotoid macroglands. Venom discharge, however, needs a …

Scorpion venoms are mixtures of proteins, peptides and small molecular compounds with
high specificity for ion channels and are therefore considered to be promising candidates in …

Avoiding predation is critical to survival of animals; chemical defenses represent a common
strategy among amphibians. In this study, we examined histologically the morphology of skin …

Amphibians have many skin poison glands used in passive defense, in which the aggressor
causes its own poisoning when biting prey. In some amphibians the skin glands accumulate …

A potential prey item's response to encountering a predator depends on aspects of the
predator (eg, its locomotor capacity), the local environment (eg, proximity to shelter) and the …

The parotoid macroglands of toads (bufonids) and leaf frogs (hylids) are used in passive
defence against predators. The parotoids release poison when the amphibian is bitten by a …

Anuran integument is characterized by the presence of glands, some of which are
responsible for toxin production. In some species these glands accumulate in parts of the …

Amphibians represent the first phylogenetic group to possess hematopoietic bone marrow.
However, adult amphibian hematopoiesis has only been described in a few species and …

Chemical defenses in amphibians are a common antipredatory and antimicrobial strategy
related to the presence of dermal glands that synthesize and store toxic or unpalatable …

In this study, the development of integument and cutaneous glands in the toad Rhinella
granulosa (Bufonidae) at different larval stages and in postmetamorphic and adult forms was …