Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) are essential
components of nucleic-acid-based adaptive immune systems that are widespread in …

Phages are now acknowledged as the most abundant microorganisms on the planet and
are also possibly the most diversified. This diversity is mostly driven by their dynamic …

Effective clearance of an infection requires that the immune system rapidly detects and
neutralizes invading parasites while strictly avoiding self-antigens that would result in …

Prokaryotes acquire virus resistance by integrating short fragments of viral nucleic acid into
clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs). Here we show how …

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and their associated
CRISPR-associated sequence (CAS) proteins constitute a novel antiviral defence system …

Many bacteria and archaea contain clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic
repeats (CRISPRs) that confer resistance to invasive genetic elements. Central to this …

Sequence-directed genetic interference pathways control gene expression and preserve
genome integrity in all kingdoms of life. The importance of such pathways is highlighted by …

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in bacteria and archaea occurs through phage transduction,
transformation, or conjugation, and the latter is particularly important for the spread of …

CRISPR-Cas is an RNA-mediated adaptive immune system that defends bacteria and
archaea against mobile genetic elements. Short mature CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) are key …

CRISPR–Cas systems are recently discovered, RNA-based immune systems that control
invasions of viruses and plasmids in archaea and bacteria. Prokaryotes with CRISPR–Cas …