The recent increase in genomic data is revealing an unexpected perspective of gene loss as
a pervasive source of genetic variation that can cause adaptive phenotypic diversity. This …

To date, more than 20 different vertebrate master sex-determining genes have been
identified on different sex chromosomes of mammals, birds, frogs and fish. Interestingly, six …

The human Y chromosome has been notoriously difficult to sequence and assemble
because of its complex repeat structure that includes long palindromes, tandem repeats and …

The testis produces gametes through spermatogenesis and evolves rapidly at both the
morphological and molecular level in mammals,,,,–, probably owing to the evolutionary …

There is a striking and unexplained male predominance across many cancer types. A subset
of X-chromosome genes can escape X-inactivation, which would protect females from …

Egg-laying mammals (monotremes) are the only extant mammalian outgroup to therians
(marsupial and eutherian animals) and provide key insights into mammalian evolution 1, 2 …

One of the major properties of genes is their expression pattern. Notably, genes are often
classified as tissue specific or housekeeping. This property is of interest to molecular …

A general theory of mammalian sexual differentiation is proposed. All biological sex
differences are the result of the inequality in effects of the sex chromosomes, which are the …

A major challenge in biology is to understand the genetic basis of adaptation. One
compelling idea is that groups of tightly linked genes (ie," supergenes"[1, 2]) facilitate …

A major constraint on the evolution of large body sizes in animals is an increased risk of
developing cancer. There is no correlation, however, between body size and cancer risk …