Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the main structural component of the outer membrane of most
Gram-negative bacteria and has diverse immunostimulatory and procoagulant effects. Even …

Inflammasomes are large cytosolic multiprotein complexes assembled in response to
infection and cellular stress, and are crucial for the activation of inflammatory caspases and …

Monitoring of the cytosolic compartment by the innate immune system for pathogen-encoded
products or pathogen activities often enables the activation of a subset of caspases. In most …

Pyroptosis is a form of necrotic and inflammatory programmed cell death, which could be
characterized by cell swelling, pore formation on plasma membranes, and release of …

Antibiotic therapy is one of the most important approaches against bacterial infections.
However, the improper use of antibiotics and the emergence of drug resistance have …

Microbial factors that mediate microbes-host interaction in ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic
disease seriously affecting human health, are not fully known. The emerging oncobacterium …

Background Lipopolysaccharide, a highly potent endotoxin responsible for severe sepsis, is
the major constituent of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Endothelial cells …

Bacteria form a highly complex ecosystem in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In recent years,
mounting evidence has shown that bacteria can release nanoscale phospholipid bilayer …

The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria is an asymmetric lipid bilayer that
consists of inner leaflet phospholipids and outer leaflet lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The …

Infection with the Streptococcus suis (S. suis) epidemic strain can cause Streptococcal toxic
shock-like syndrome (STSLS), which is characterized by a cytokine storm, dysfunction of …