The causes and consequences of individual differences in animal behavior and stress
physiology are increasingly studied in wild animals, yet the possibility that stress physiology …

Personality is essential for understanding the evolution of cooperation and conflict in
behavior. However, personality science remains disconnected from the field of social …

Simple Summary Zoos and aquariums have recognized the paramount importance of
animal welfare. Achieving and maintaining the highest possible standards of animal welfare …

Conflict resolution, in its most basic sense, requires movement and change between
opposing motivational states. Although scholars and practitioners have long acknowledged …

In contrast to a wealth of human studies, little is known about the ontogeny and consistency
of empathy-related capacities in other species. Consolation—post-conflict affiliation from …

Walking has myriad benefits for the mind, most of which have traditionally been explored
and explained at the individual level of analysis. Much less empirical work has examined …

The hedonic principle—the desire to approach pleasure and avoid pain—is frequently
presumed to be the fundamental principle upon which motivation is built. In the past few …

Highly cooperative social species are expected to engage in frequent reconciliation
following conflicts in order to maintain pack cohesiveness and preserve future cooperation …

Purpose Emerging direct-to-consumer brands offer a single option to consumers before
expanding their assortment as the business grows. This provides a counterexample to …

Simple Summary Ensuring proper sleep is essential for the health of all animals, including
chimpanzees. Many studies have demonstrated that sleep plays a crucial role in physical …