We study the effect of incarceration on wages, self-employment, and taxes and transfers in
North Carolina and Ohio using two quasi-experimental research designs: discontinuities in …

US courts regularly assess fines, fees, and costs against criminal defendants. Court-related
debt can cause continuing court involvement and incarceration, not because of new crimes …

Using both the onset of the US-China trade war in 2018 and the most recent Russia-Ukraine
war and associated trade tensions, we show a counterintuitive pattern in global trade …

Many jurisdictions levy sizable fines and fees (legal financial obligations, or LFOs) on
criminal defendants. Proponents argue LFOs are a “tax on crime” that funds courts and …

This paper studies the impact of income-based criminal punishments on crime. In Finland,
speeding tickets become income-dependent if the driver's speed exceeds the speeding limit …

We study the lifetime banning, as introduced by United States Public Law 104-193, of
individuals convicted of felony drug offenses after August 22, 1996 from ever receiving future …

I evaluate a youth justice reform in Sweden that sharply increased the use of court-ordered
community service—ie unpaid, low-skilled work, mainly replacing the sanctions fines and …