The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of
rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is one of the most important intracellular pathways involved in …

Background Oxidative stress is the main reason for inducing cell apoptosis, tissue damage
and pathological changes in the body. Antioxidants can be taken to eliminate radicals and …

Well-established studies have shown an elevated level of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
that induces oxidative stress in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient's brain and an animal …

Autophagy and apoptosis are two crucial self-destructive processes that maintain cellular
homeostasis, which are characterized by their morphology and regulated through signal …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized
by impairments in social interaction and communication along with repetitive stereotypic …

Background As common, progressive, and chronic causes of disability and death,
neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) significantly threaten human health, while no effective …

As a novel type of non-coding RNAs, covalently closed circular RNAs (circRNAs) are
ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes. Emerging studies have indicated that dysregulation of …

The microbial infection and growth of fibroblasts are the critical factors for the effective
wound healing. The natural polymer-based dressing membranes may mimic extracellular …

Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of severe visual loss and
irreversible blindness in the elderly population worldwide. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) …

As a group of progressive, chronic, and disabling disorders, neurodegenerative diseases
(NDs) affect millions of people worldwide, and are on the rise. NDs are known as the …