In the light of the urgency raised by the COVID-19 pandemic, global investment in wildlife
virology is likely to increase, and new surveillance programmes will identify hundreds of …

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) of humans is caused by two lentiviruses,
human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2). Here, we describe the …

What are the models used in phylogenetic analysis and what exactly is involved in Bayesian
evolutionary analysis using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods? How can you …

The ancient biological'arms race'between microbial pathogens and humans has shaped
genetic variation in modern populations, and this has important implications for the growing …

The cross-species transmission of viruses from one host species to another is responsible
for the majority of emerging infections. However, it is unclear whether some virus families …

Coronaviruses are found in a diverse array of bat and bird species, which are believed to act
as natural hosts. Molecular clock dating analyses of coronaviruses suggest that the most …

HIV-1, the cause of AIDS, is composed of four phylogenetic lineages, groups M, N, O, and P,
each of which resulted from an independent cross-species transmission event of simian …

Recent discoveries of contemporary genotypes of hepatitis B virus and parvovirus B19 in
ancient human remains demonstrate that little genetic change has occurred in these viruses …

Many species of African nonhuman primates are naturally infected with simian
immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) in the wild and in captivity. In contrast to HIV-infected …

Many microbial populations rapidly adapt to changing environments with multiple variants
competing for survival. To quantify such complex evolutionary dynamics in vivo, time …