Alcohol consumption and stress increase brain levels of known innate immune signaling
molecules. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, and neurons respond to alcohol …

Cortical growth and remodeling continues from birth through youth and adolescence to
stable adult levels changing slowly into senescence. There are critical periods of cortical …

Alcohol and substance abuse disorders involve continued use of substances despite
negative consequences, ie loss of behavioral control of drug use. The frontal-cortical areas …

Binge drinking is an increasingly important topic in alcohol research, but the field lacks
empirical cohesion and definitional precision. The present review summarizes findings and …

Late adolescence (ie, 16–20 years of age) is a period characterized by escalation of
drinking and alcohol use problems for many and by the onset of an alcohol use disorder for …

Aims: This is a review of preclinical studies covering alcohol-induced brain neuronal death
and loss of neurogenesis as well as abstinence-induced brain cell genesis, eg brain …

Alcoholism is associated with cognitive deficits and loss of brain mass. Recent studies have
indicated that neural progenitor cells proliferate throughout life forming neurons, astrocytes …

Addiction occurs through repeated abuse of drugs that progressively reduce behavioral
control and cognitive flexibility while increasing limbic negative emotion. Recent discoveries …

Excessive alcohol intake, a defining characteristic of an alcohol use disorder (AUD), results
in neurodegeneration in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex that has been linked to a …

Abstract Background Athina Markou and her colleagues discovered persistent changes in
adult behavior following adolescent exposure to ethanol or nicotine consistent with …