The interaction between predator and prey is an evolutionary arms race, for which early
detection by either party is often the key to success. In aquatic ecosystems, olfaction is an …

An individual's behaviour patterns can be conceptualized as a series of threat‐sensitive
trade‐offs between ambient predation pressure and a suite of fitness‐related activities, such …

Predation is one of the most important selection pressures acting on prey behaviour. While
numerous studies have shown that when predation risk is high, prey tend to increase …

Alarm pheromones (APs) are widely used throughout the plant and animal kingdoms.
Species such as fish, insects, and mammals signal danger to conspecifics by releasing …

Alarm substance is a chemical signal released from fish skin epithelial cells after a predator
causes skin damage. When other prey fish detect alarm substance by olfaction, they perform …

In aquatic systems, chemical cues are a major source of information through which animals
are able to assess the current state of their environment to gain information about local …

The hydrosphere is a repository for all of our waste and mistakes, be they sewage, garbage,
process-affected waters, runoff, and gases. For fish living in environments receiving …

In the natural environment, animals can face potentially dangerous and often regular
exposure to major environmental fluctuations such as flash flooding and drought, or the …

Prey animals may mediate the intensity of their behavioural responses to predators to reflect
their risk of predation. However, in the absence of an overt (observable) behavioural …

Predator-prey interactions govern the evolution of many behavioral and morphological traits
of aquatic animals. In aquatic environments, chemical cues reliably allow prey to assess and …