Our understanding of the ubiquitin code has greatly evolved from conventional E1, E2 and
E3 enzymes that modify Lys residues on specific substrates with a single type of ubiquitin …

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can occur on specific amino acids localized within
regulatory domains of target proteins, which control a protein's stability. These regions …

The advent of COVID-19 and the persistent threat of infectious diseases such as
tuberculosis, malaria, influenza and HIV/AIDS remind us of the marked impact that infections …

Infection with SARS-CoV-2 results in clinical outcomes ranging from silent or benign
infection in most individuals to critical pneumonia and death in a few. Genetic studies in …

The host response to viral infection includes the induction of type I interferons and the
subsequent upregulation of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes. Ubiquitin-like protein …

The innate immune system detects pathogens via germline-encoded receptors that bind to
conserved pathogen ligands called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Here …

Molecular, cellular, and clinical studies of human inborn errors of immunity have
revolutionized our understanding of their pathogenesis, considerably broadened their …

Type I interferons (IFNs) have diverse effects on innate and adaptive immune cells during
infection with viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi, directly and/or indirectly through the …

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emerging human pathogens, causing a wide
range of clinical diseases affecting individuals who are immunocompromised and who have …

Abstract The cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) was thought to have a central role in T cell–
mediated responses in inflammation for more than a decade after it was first identified …