Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide. A key secondary cell death
mechanism mediating neurological damage following the initial episode of ischemic stroke …

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD),
and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are caused by neuronal loss and dysfunction …

The brain is the most complex organ in the body, controlling our highest functions, as well as
regulating myriad processes which incorporate the entire physiological system. The effects …

Chronic inflammation is associated with activated microglia and reactive astrocytes and
plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as …

New approach methodologies (NAMs) based on human biology enable the assessment of
adverse biological effects of pharmaceuticals and other chemicals. Currently, however, it is …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by the progressive loss of neurons. As
to developing effective therapeutic interventions, it is crucial to understand the underlying …

The 'Astrocyte Network'and the understanding of its communication has been posed as a
new grand challenge to be investigated by contemporary science. However, communication …

The NT2. D1 cell line is one of the most well-documented embryocarcinoma cell lines, and
can be differentiated into neurons and astrocytes. Great focus has also been placed on …

Recent progress in the field of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has led to the
efficient production of human neuronal cell models for in vitro study. This has the potential to …

Objective. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal type of high-grade adult brain
cancer. The World Health Organization have classed GBM as an incurable disease because …