Mitochondrial function is key to support metabolism and homeostasis in the retina, an organ
that has one of the highest metabolic rates body-wide and is constantly exposed to …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide, is
caused by retinal neurovascular unit dysfunction, and its cellular pathology involves at least …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to the development of macro-and microvascular
complications. Homocysteine (Hcy) may play a role in the development of cardiovascular …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is commonly associated with hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia,
oxidative stress and inflammation which are well known cardiovascular risk factors …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common cause of blindness in people under the age of
65. Unfortunately, the current screening process for DR restricts the population that can be …

Cellular metabolism is crucial for various physiological processes, with folate-dependent
one-carbon (1C) metabolism playing a pivotal role. Folate, a B vitamin, is a key cofactor in …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is among the leading causes of new onset blindness in adults.
Effective treatment may delay the onset and progression of this disease provided it is …

Introduction Preventing the development and progression of diabetic microvascular
complications through optimal blood glucose control remains an important challenge …

High homocysteine is routinely observed in diabetic patients, and this non-protein amino
acid is considered as an independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy. Homocysteine …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a severe chronic diseases with a global prevalence of 9%, leading
to poor health and high health care costs, and is a direct cause of millions of deaths each …