Rheumatoid Arthritis — Common Origins, Divergent Mechanisms | New England Journal of
Medicine Skip to main content The New England Journal of Medicine homepage Advanced …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic systemic
inflammation causing progressive joint damage that can lead to lifelong disability. The …

Osteocytes are an ancient cell, appearing in fossilized skeletal remains of early fish and
dinosaurs. Despite its relative high abundance, even in the context of nonskeletal cells, the …

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells with the unique ability to resorb bone matrix. Excessive
production or activation of osteoclasts leads to skeletal pathologies that affect a significant …

The synovium is a mesenchymal tissue composed mainly of fibroblasts, with a lining and
sublining that surround the joints. In rheumatoid arthritis the synovial tissue undergoes …

Insufficient apoptosis of inflammatory macrophages and osteoclasts (OCs) in rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) joints contributes toward the persistent progression of joint inflammation and …

The immune and skeletal systems share a variety of molecules, including cytokines,
chemokines, hormones, receptors, and transcription factors. Bone cells interact with immune …

Osteoporosis or porous bone disorder is the result of an imbalance in an otherwise highly
balanced physiological process known as 'bone remodeling'. The immune system is …

Objective We have previously reported that stimulation of mouse bone marrow–derived
macrophages with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) induces …

Clinical studies, as well as in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that
byproducts from joint replacements induce an inflammatory reaction that can result in …