A historical perspective on estradiol's enhancement of cognitive function is presented, and
research, primarily in animals, but also in humans, is reviewed. Data regarding the …

Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …

The provision of environmental enrichment (EE) for laboratory rats is recommended in
European guidelines governing laboratory animal welfare. It is believed the EE …

Ample evidence has demonstrated that sex steroid hormones, such as the potent estrogen
17β-estradiol (E2), affect hippocampal morphology, plasticity, and memory in male and …

Sex differences in neurological disease extend from incidence, severity, progression and
symptoms and may ultimately influence treatment. Cognitive disturbances are frequent in …

There is ample empirical evidence to support the notion that the biological impacts of
estrogen extend beyond the gonads to other bodily systems, including the brain and …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Estradiol and Cognition”. There are sex differences in
hippocampus-dependent cognition and neurogenesis suggesting that sex hormones are …

Estradiol effects on memory depend on hormone levels and the interaction of different
estrogen receptors within neural circuits. Estradiol induces gene transcription and rapid …

Several lines of evidence have converged to indicate that memory formation involves
plasticity of dendritic spines in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus …

There are clear sex differences in incidence and onset of stress-related and other psychiatric
disorders in humans. Yet, rodent models for psychiatric disorders are predominantly based …