Objective To verify whether hypogonadism represents a risk factor for cardiovascular (CV)
morbidity and mortality and to verify whether testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the major cause of morbidity and mortality for both men
and women, occur uncommonly in premenopausal women, but their incidence rises sharply …

Testosterone has immune-modulating properties, and current in vitro evidence suggests that
testosterone may suppress the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β …

The greater incidence of hypertension and coronary artery disease in men and
postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women has been related, in part, to …

Gender has an important influence on blood pressure, with premenopausal women having a
lower arterial blood pressure than age-matched men. Compared with premenopausal …

Two recent studies raised new concerns regarding cardiovascular (CV) risks with
testosterone (T) therapy. This article reviews those studies as well as the extensive literature …

Coronary heart disease is a leading cause of premature death in men. Epidemiological
studies have shown a high prevalence of low serum testosterone levels in men with …

Globally, cardiovascular disease will continue causing most human deaths for the
foreseeable future. The consistent gender gap in life span of approximately 5.6 yr in all …

Previous work in the endocrine and neuroendocrine fields has viewed the androgen
receptor (AR) as a transcription factor activated by testosterone or one of its many …

Fetal and adult testosterone may be important in establishing and maintaining sex-
dependent abilities associated with male physical competitiveness. There is evidence that …