CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a vital role in providing help for B cells undergoing
selection and differentiation into activated antibody-secreting cells in mammalian germinal …

The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical in controlling disease, but there is concern
that waning immunity may predispose to reinfection. We analyzed the magnitude and …

Protection against pathogen re-infection is mediated, in large part, by two humoral cellular
compartments, namely, long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. Recent data have …

BACKGROUND Marked progress is achieved in understanding the physiopathology of
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which caused a global pandemic. However, the …

Understanding the long-term maintenance of severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunity is critical for predicting protection against reinfection …

The inactivated vaccine CoronaVac is one of the most widely used COVID-19 vaccines
globally. However, the longitudinal evolution of the immune response induced by …

Circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) cells have been identified as counterparts of germinal
center Tfh (GC Tfh) cells in humans and can support T-dependent B cell maturation and …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that link innate and adaptive
immunity and are critical for the induction of protective immune responses against …

In endemic areas, hepatitis C virus (HCV)/hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection is common, and
patients with coinfection have a higher risk of developing liver disease such as …

Long-term humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is essential for preventing reinfection. The
production of neutralizing antibody (nAb) and B cell differentiation are tightly regulated by T …