▪ Abstract Virtually every cell type in metazoan organisms produces heparan sulfate. These
complex polysaccharides provide docking sites for numerous protein ligands and receptors …

Nearly all vertebrate cells have been shown to express heparan sulfate proteoglycans
(HSPGs) at the cell surface. The HSPGs bind to many secreted signaling proteins, including …

Two major glycosaminoglycan types, heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS),
control many aspects of development and physiology in a type-specific manner. HS and CS …

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are cell-surface and extracellular matrix
macromolecules that are composed of a core protein decorated with covalently linked …

During development, secreted morphogens such as Wnt, Hedgehog (Hh), and BMP emit
from their producing cells in a morphogenetic field, and specify different cell fates in a direct …

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a complex and highly active biopolymer that is synthesized as an
alternating copolymer of hexuronic acid and glucosamine and modified at various positions …

Proteoglycans (PGs) are glycosylated proteins of biological importance at cell surfaces, in
the extracellular matrix, and in the circulation. PGs are produced and modified by …

The 6-O sulfation states of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are
dynamically regulated to control the growth and specification of embryonic progenitor …

Endothelial cells are covered by a delicate meshwork of glycoproteins known as the
glycocalyx. Under normophysiological conditions the glycocalyx plays an active role in …

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are accessible by liquid biopsies via an easy blood draw.
They represent not only the primary tumor site, but also potential metastatic lesions, and …