Metabolomics uses advanced analytical chemistry techniques to enable the high-throughput
characterization of metabolites from cells, organs, tissues, or biofluids. The rapid growth in …

In this narrative review, the biological/biochemical impact (toxicity) of a large array of known
individual uremic retention solutes and groups of solutes is summarized. We classified these …

Potential drug–drug interactions mediated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter
and solute carrier (SLC) transporter families are of clinical and regulatory concern. However …

The organic anion transporter (OAT) subfamily, which constitutes roughly half of the SLC22
(solute carrier 22) transporter family, has received a great deal of attention because of its …

The kidneys play a key role in maintaining total body homeostasis. The complexity of this
task is reflected in the unique architecture of the organ. Ureteral obstruction greatly affects …

Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of ESRD, but few biomarkers of diabetic kidney
disease are available. This study used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to quantify …

Indoxyl sulfate is an extensively studied uremic solute. It is a small molecule that is more
than 90% bound to plasma proteins. Indoxyl sulfate is derived from the breakdown of …

The proximal tubule of the kidney plays a crucial role in the renal handling of drugs (eg,
diuretics), uremic toxins (eg, indoxyl sulfate), environmental toxins (eg, mercury, aristolochic …

BACKGROUND: SGLT2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2) inhibitors (SGLT2i) can protect
the kidneys and heart, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood …

In vitro data indicates that the kidney proximal tubule (PT) transporters of uremic toxins and
solutes (eg, indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol sulfate, kynurenine, creatinine, urate) include two “drug” …