Peptides fulfill a plethora of functions in plant growth, development, and stress responses.
They act as key components of cell-to-cell communication, interfere with signaling and …

Short ORFs (sORFs), that is, occurrences of a start and stop codon within 100 codons or
less, can be found in organisms of all domains of life, outnumbering annotated protein …

Ribosome profiling suggests that ribosomes occupy many regions of the transcriptome
thought to be noncoding, including 5′ UTRs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) …

RNA-sequencing protocols can quantify gene expression regulation from transcription to
protein synthesis. Ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq) maps the positions of translating ribosomes …

Regulation of gene expression is fundamental in establishing cellular diversity and a target
of natural selection. Untranslated mRNA regions (UTR s) are key mediators of post …

Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are ubiquitous repressive genetic elements in
vertebrate mRNAs. While much is known about the regulation of individual genes by their …

Elucidating the consequences of genetic differences between humans is essential for
understanding phenotypic diversity and personalized medicine. Although variation in RNA …

Mammalian gene expression displays widespread circadian oscillations. Rhythmic
transcription underlies the core clock mechanism, but it cannot explain numerous …

Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are prevalent cis‐regulatory sequence elements in
the transcript leader sequences (TLSs) of eukaryotic mRNAs. The majority of uORFs is …

In addition to canonical open reading frames (ORFs), thousands of translated small ORFs
(containing less than 100 codons) have been identified in untranslated mRNA regions …