Over the past decade, the UK has experienced major policy and policy making change. This
text examines this shifting political and policy landscape while also highlighting the features …

The severity, certainty and celerity (swiftness) of punishment are theorised to influence
offending through deterrence. Yet celerity is rarely included in empirical studies of criminal …

Considers, using statistics from the Crown Court Sentencing Survey, the extent to which
gender disparities are evident in the sentences imposed for burglary, assault and drug …

Most research in sentencing discrimination in the United Kingdom has relied on aggregate
analyses comparing disparities by ethnic group. These studies fail to consider differences in …

This article investigates the presence of unwarranted between court disparities in England
and Wales, examining whether they can be explained by non-legal contextual factors such …

Research on sentence consistency in England and Wales has focused on disparities
between courts, with differences between judges generally ignored. This is largely due to …

The 'England and Wales Sentencing Guidelines' aim to promote consistency by organizing
the sentencing process as a sequence of steps, with initial judicial assessments …

England and Wales have some of the highest incarceration rates in the developed world.
Recent policy reforms have focused on developing alternatives to custody that offer credible …

Sentencing disparities are widely covered in the literature on common law countries. In
comparison, the literature on sentencing disparities in civil law countries is less extensive …

The 'totality principle'in law aims to show mercy to offenders in multiple-offence (MO) cases
and retain ordinal proportionality in punishing those who commit different categories of …