G protein–coupled receptors are the largest and pharmacologically most important receptor
family and are involved in the regulation of most cell functions. Most of them reside …

The plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells contains microdomains that are enriched in
certain glycosphingolipids, gangliosides, and sterols (such as cholesterol) to form …

Exosomes are small extracellular 40–100 nm diameter membrane vesicles of late
endosomal origin that can mediate intercellular transfer of RNA s and proteins to assist …

Since the discovery nearly 60 years ago, cAMP is envisioned as one of the most universal
and versatile second messengers. The tremendous feature of cAMP to tightly control highly …

In addition to their role in protein degradation and digestion, proteases can also function as
hormone-like signaling molecules that regulate vital patho-physiological processes …

Fluorescence and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (FRET and BRET)
techniques allow the sensitive monitoring of distances between two labels at the nanometer …

Lipid rafts are defined as microdomains within the lipid bilayer of cellular membranes that
assemble subsets of transmembrane or glycosylphosphatidylinisotol-anchored proteins and …

The ability to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into cardiomyocytes (CMs)
makes them an attractive source for repairing injured myocardium, disease modeling, and …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are integral membrane proteins that transduce a wide
array of inputs including light, ions, hormones, and neurotransmitters into intracellular …

In the complex microcosm of a cell, information security and its faithful transmission are
critical for maintaining internal stability. To achieve a coordinated response of all its parts to …