Locomotion through the environment is important because movement provides access to
key resources, including food, shelter and mates. Central to many locomotion-focused …

Bipedal trackways discovered in 1978 at Laetoli site G, Tanzania and dated to 3.66 million
years ago are widely accepted as the oldest unequivocal evidence of obligate bipedalism in …

Bipedal walking was one of the first key behavioral traits that defined the evolution of early
hominins. While it is not possible to identify specific selection pressures underlying bipedal …

Humans are unique among apes and other primates in the musculoskeletal design of their
lower back, pelvis, and lower limbs. Here, we describe the three-dimensional ground …

Human bipedalism is characterized by mediolateral oscillations of the center of mass (CoM)
between the feet. The preferred step widths and CoM oscillations used by humans likely …

Human bipedalism entails relatively short strides compared with facultatively bipedal
primates. Unique non-sagittal-plane motions associated with bipedalism may account for …

Laboratory-based studies indicate that a major evolutionary advantage of bipedalism is
enabling humans to walk with relatively low energy expenditure. However, such studies …

Humans walk with an upright posture on extended limbs during stance and with a double-
peaked vertical ground reaction force. Our closest living relatives, chimpanzees, are …

Bipedal locomotion was a major functional change during hominin evolution, yet, our
understanding of this gradual and complex process remains strongly debated. Based on …

A plantigrade foot with a large robust calcaneus is regarded as a distinctive morphological
feature of the human foot; it is presumably the result of adaptation for habitual bipedal …