Background Police‐initiated pedestrian stops have been one of the most widely used crime
prevention tactics in modern policing. Proponents have long considered police stops to be …

This chapter extracts a current account of the research on the labeling theory of crime.
Labeling theory argues that although deviant behavior may initially stem from various …

In an effort to investigate and verify the developmental roots of adult criminal thinking, a meta-
analysis was performed on nine social cognitive variables organized into three clusters and …

The research aims to identify if the accumulation of protective and/or risk factors might
predict the risk of recidivism in juvenile delinquents and determine the relative weight of both …

Desistance from crime can occur at any age but is most likely to occur during the
adolescence-to-adult transition. The purpose of this study was to determine whether one …

The use of pedestrian stops, commonly known as SQFs (Stop, Question, and Frisk), has
been one of the most common yet controversial proactive strategies in modern policing. In …

Despite the revitalization of labeling theory in explaining deviant behavior, the theoretical
validity of the proposition regarding the informal labeling process has been largely …

Person-centered language is a well-known approach to reducing stigmatizing labels among
marginalized groups. However, little research has explored person-centered language's …

Racial disparities are evident in both educational outcomes and incarceration rates when
comparing African American and white youth. It is essential to understand the school-to …

Women incarceration rates in Portugal are rising, nevertheless, noncustodial sanctions
should be chosen, whenever possible. This paper aims to understand which women are …