Biotic selective pressures dominate explanations for the evolutionary ecology of tropical
endotherms. Yet, abiotic factors, principally precipitation regimes, shape biogeographical …

Human activities have increased the intensity and frequency of natural stressors and created
novel stressors, altering host–pathogen interactions and changing the risk of emerging …

Supplemental feeding can increase the overall health of animals but also can have varying
consequences for animals dealing with parasites. Furthermore, the mechanism mediating …

Urbanization is expanding worldwide with major consequences for organisms.
Anthropogenic factors can reduce the fitness of animals but may have benefits, such as …

Human activity changes multiple factors in the environment, which can have positive or
negative synergistic effects on organisms. However, few studies have explored the causal …

The parasitic larvae of Philornis downsi Dodge & Aitken (Diptera: Muscidae) were first
discovered in Darwin's finch nests on the Galápagos Islands in 1997. Larvae of P. downsi …

The invasive parasitic fly, Philornis downsi (Muscidae), is one of the greatest threats to the
avifauna of the Galapagos Islands. The larvae of this fly feed on the blood and tissues of …

Anthropogenic changes to the environment challenge animal populations to adapt to new
conditions and unique threats. While the study of adaptation has focused on genetic …

How animals behave during infection will directly affect their fitness and that of their
pathogens and parasites (hereafter “parasites”). In the short term, individuals that maintain …

Parasitism is nearly ubiquitous in animals and is frequently associated with fitness costs in
host organisms, including reduced growth, foraging, and reproduction. In many species …