The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is an important bridge in the switch
from extracellular signals to intracellular responses. Alterations of signaling cascades are …

Oncogenic activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B
(PKB/AKT), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a frequent event in …

Prostate cancer (PCa) affects millions of men globally. Due to advances in understanding
genomic landscapes and biological functions, the treatment of PCa continues to improve …

The success of anticancer therapy is usually limited by the development of drug resistance.
Such acquired resistance is driven, in part, by intratumoural heterogeneity—that is, the …

Genomic instability and mutations underlie the hallmarks of cancer—genetic alterations
determine cancer cell fate by affecting cell proliferation, apoptosis and immune response …

Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is a distinctive feature of prostate carcinoma (PC) and
represents the major therapeutic target for treating metastatic prostate cancer (mPC) …

Hypoxia is a non-physiological level of oxygen tension, a phenomenon common in a
majority of malignant tumors. Tumor-hypoxia leads to advanced but dysfunctional …

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapy are the
gold standard options for treating prostate cancer (PCa). These are initially effective, as …

Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process that mediates degradation of pernicious
or dysfunctional cellular components, such as invasive pathogens, senescent proteins, and …

The success of next-generation androgen receptor (AR) pathway inhibitors, such as
abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide, in treating prostate cancer has been hampered by …