Precision Medicine implies a deep understanding of inter-individual differences in health
and disease that are due to genetic and environmental factors. To acquire such …

In cardiovascular research, sex and gender have not typically been considered in research
design and reporting until recently. This has resulted in clinical research findings from which …

There is extensive evidence supporting the interplay between metabolism and immune
response, that have evolved in close relationship, sharing regulatory molecules and …

Women and men, female and male animals and cells are biologically different, and
acknowledgement of this fact is critical to advancing medicine. However, incorporating …

Background To combat historical underrepresentation of female participants in research,
guidelines have been established to motivate equal participation by both sexes. However …

It is now established that sex differences occur in clinical manifestation, disease
progression, and prognosis for both cardiovascular (CVDs) and central nervous system …

The study of sex as a biological variable is a necessary emphasis across a wide array of
endpoints, including basic neuroscience, medicine, mental health, physiology and behavior …

Only a few preclinical findings are confirmed in the clinic, posing a critical issue for clinical
development. Therefore, identifying the best preclinical models can help dissect molecular …

The liver is to date the best example of a sexually dimorphic non-reproductive organ. Over
1,000 genes are differentially expressed between sexes indicating that female and male …

As our knowledge of sex-and gender-based medicine (SGBM) continues to grow, attention
to precision in the use of related terminology is critical. Unfortunately, the terms sex and …