Although error avoidance during learning appears to be the rule in American classrooms,
laboratory studies suggest that it may be a counterproductive strategy, at least for …

Because context has a robust influence on the processing of subsequent words, the idea
that readers and listeners predict upcoming words has attracted research attention, but …

In the 1940s, Claude Shannon developed the information theory focusing on quantifying the
maximum data rate that can be supported by a communication channel. Guided by this …

Metacognition is the first textbook to focus on people's extraordinary ability to evaluate and
control their cognitive processes. This comprehensive text covers both theoretical and …

Testing students on information that they do not know might seem like a fruitless endeavor.
After all, why give anyone a test that they are guaranteed to fail because they have not yet …

Students' beliefs and goals can powerfully influence their learning success. Those who
believe intelligence is a fixed entity (entity theorists) tend to emphasize 'performance …

The development of the field of cognitive neuroscience has inspired a revival of interest in
the brain mechanisms involved in the processing of rewards, punishments, and abstract …

Feedback is one of the most important factors for successful learning. Contemporary
computer-based learning and testing environments allow the implementation of automated …

Producing an error, so long as it is followed by corrective feedback, has been shown to
result in better retention of the correct answers than does simply studying the correct …

A rich body of studies in the human and non-human literature has examined the question
how novelty influences memory. For a variety of different stimuli, ranging from simple objects …