Significant experimental, computational, and theoretical work has identified rich structure
within the coordinated activity of interconnected neural populations. An emerging challenge …

A major shift is happening within neurophysiology: a population doctrine is drawing level
with the single-neuron doctrine that has long dominated the field. Population-level ideas …

Recent work has sought to understand the behavior of neural networks by comparing
representations between layers and between different trained models. We examine methods …

The analysis of neural dynamics in several brain cortices has consistently uncovered low-
dimensional manifolds that capture a significant fraction of neural variability. These neural …

Although the generation of movements is a fundamental function of the nervous system, the
underlying neural principles remain unclear. As flexor and extensor muscle activities …

Highlights•New generations of recording and computing technologies have enabled
neuroscience at the level of the neural population.•Landmark scientific findings suggest the …

Most brain functions involve interactions among multiple, distinct areas or nuclei. For
instance, visual processing in primates requires the appropriate relaying of signals across …

Populations of cortical neurons flexibly perform different functions; for the primary motor
cortex (M1) this means a rich repertoire of motor behaviors. We investigate the flexibility of …

Primate motor cortex projects to spinal interneurons and motoneurons, suggesting that
motor cortex activity may be dominated by muscle-like commands. Observations during …

Neural activity is often described in terms of population-level factors extracted from the
responses of many neurons. Factors provide a lower-dimensional description with the aim of …