The glymphatic system is a glial-dependent waste clearance pathway in the brain, in place
of lymphatic vessels, dedicated to drain away soluble waste proteins and metabolic …

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare autoimmune disorder that
preferentially affects the spinal cord and optic nerve. Most patients with NMOSD experience …

According to the traditional understanding of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) physiology, the
majority of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, circulates through the ventricles, the …

Human cells dwell in salt water. Their well-being depends on the ability of the body to
regulate the salinity of extracellular fluids. By controlling water intake and excretion, the …

Astrocytes are key homeostatic regulators in the central nervous system and play important
roles in physiology. After brain damage caused by eg, status epilepticus, traumatic brain …

Water, the main component of the body, is distributed in the extracellular and intracellular
compartments. Water exchange between these compartments is mainly governed by …

Highlights (AQPs) are transmembrane proteins responsible for fast water movement across
cell membranes, including those of astrocytes. The expression and subcellular localization …

Oxygen delivery to cells is the basic prerequisite of life. Within the human body, an
ingenious oxygen delivery system, comprising steps of convection and diffusion from the …

Selectively treating tumor cells is the ongoing challenge of modern cancer therapy.
Recently, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), a near room-temperature ionized gas, has been …

Aquaporins (AQPs) are integral membrane proteins and found in all living organisms from
bacteria to human. AQPs mainly involved in the transmembrane diffusion of water as well as …