In an increasingly digital world, there are fast-paced developments in fields such as Artificial
Intelligence, Machine Learning, Data Mining, Digital Twins, Cyber-Physical Systems and the …

Building occupancy is of great importance for energy efficient control of buildings. A large
number of works have been developed for the estimation and detection of building …

Building operations rely heavily on control systems and sensors. This paper provides a
sophisticated literature review on sensor systems in building/HVAC systems, particularly in …

Implementing machine-learning models in real applications is crucial to achieving intelligent
building control and high energy efficiency. Over the past few decades, numerous studies …

This study carries out a literature review on studies using machine learning (ML) models to
predict occupancy and window-opening behaviour and their application in smart buildings …

Energy simulation results for buildings have significantly deviated from actual consumption
because of the uncertainty and randomness of occupant behavior. Such differences are …

This paper developed an indoor occupancy estimator with which we can estimate the
number of real-time indoor occupants based on the carbon dioxide (CO 2) measurement …

Occupancy behaviour plays an important role in energy consumption in buildings. Currently,
the shallow understanding of occupancy has led to a considerable performance gap …

Occupancy information is crucial to building facility design, operation, and energy efficiency.
Many studies propose the use of environmental sensors (such as carbon dioxide, air …

Energy consumption and indoor environment quality (IEQ) of buildings have been linked to
human occupants. Predicting the number of occupants in a space is essential for the …