Here, we present calculations on the energy delivered (and heating) by realistic cosmic rays (CRs) field at a typical molecular clump. The current model describes, with unprecedented …
The D/H ratio in astrophysical environments has instigated the scientists for at least 50 years. The wide range of values in the interstellar medium (ISM) from 10e to 7 to 10e-1 have …
In the interstellar medium, Galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays (CRs) penetrate deeper in the molecular clouds (MCs) and promote inside several physical and physicochemical …
Galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays fully illuminate and trigger several physical and physicochemical changes in molecular clouds (MCs), including gas and grain heating …