Synaptic interactions to extract information about wavelength, and thus color, begin in the
vertebrate retina with three classes of light-sensitive cells: rod photoreceptors at low light …

The retina is an ideal model for understanding the fundamental rules for how neural
networks are constructed. The compact neural networks of the retina perform all of the initial …

In mammals, synchronization of the circadian pacemaker in the hypothalamus is achieved
through direct input from the eyes conveyed by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion …

Gradual changes in the sensory environment can lead to abrupt changes in brain
computations and perception. However, mechanistic understanding of the mediating …

Neuronal discharge is driven by either synaptic input or cell-autonomous intrinsic
pacemaker activity. It is commonly assumed that the resting spike activity of retinal ganglion …

The collective activity pattern of retinal ganglion cells, the retinal code, underlies higher
visual processing. How does the ambient illuminance of the visual scene influence this …

The discovery of melanopsin-dependent inner retinal photoreceptors in mammals [1, 2] has
precipitated a fundamental reassessment of such non-image forming (NIF) light responses …

Dopaminergic neurons play key roles in the CNS, mediating basic mechanisms of vision,
movement, motivation, and mood. The most accessible dopaminergic neurons of the …

In the mammalian retina, rods and cones connect to distinct sets of bipolar cells. Rods are
presynaptic to a single type of rod bipolar cell, whereas cones connect to different types of …

The mammalian retina provides several pathways to relay the information from the
photoreceptors to the ganglion cells. Cones feed into ON and OFF cone bipolar cells that …