The segregation and limited regenerative capacity of the CNS necessitate a specialized and
tightly regulated resident immune system that continuously guards the CNS against invading …

The meninges are the fibrous covering of the central nervous system (CNS) which contain
vastly heterogeneous cell types within its three layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia). The dural …

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges and subarachnoid space that can also involve
the brain cortex and parenchyma. It can be acquired spontaneously in the community …

This review aims to elucidate the different mechanisms of blood brain barrier (BBB)
disruption that may occur due to invasion by different types of bacteria, as well as to show …

Streptococcus suis is a major swine pathogen worldwide and causes considerable
economic losses in the swine industry. S. suis is also an emerging zoonotic agent, mainly in …

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal disease that threatens the quality of life of an
aging population at a global scale. Various hypotheses on the etiology of AD have been …

Conspectus As a newly discovered organ, gut microbiota has been extensively studied in
the last two decades, with their highly diverse and fundamental roles in the physiology of …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide and its
incidence is increasing due to the ageing population. Currently, the main limitations of AD …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) efficiently protects the central nervous system (CNS) from
infectious insults. Yet, the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii has a remarkable …

In environments characterized by extended multi-stress conditions, pathogens develop a
variety of immune escape mechanisms to enhance their ability to infect the host. The …