Despite the success of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade by angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT 1 R) blockers, current …

Metalloenzymes are central to a wide range of essential biological activities, including
nucleic acid modification, protein degradation, and many others. The role of metalloenzymes …

The kallikrein-kinin system is an endogenous metabolic cascade, triggering of which results
in the release of vasoactive kinins (bradykinin-related peptides). This complex system …

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is one of the most important systems in
cardiovascular control and in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is …

C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is an autocrine and paracrine mediator released by
endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts that regulates vital physiological functions …

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is responsible for maintaining blood
pressure and vascular tone. Modulation of the RAAS, therefore, interferes with essential …

New therapeutic targets, agents, and strategies are needed to prevent and treat heart failure
(HF) after a decade of failed research efforts to improve long-term patient outcomes …

Hypertension is the most frequent chronic and non-communicable disease all over the
world, with about 1.5 billion affected individuals worldwide. Its impact is currently growing …

Throughout much of the world,'race'and'ethnicity'are key determinants of health. For
example, African Americans have, by some estimates, a twofold higher incidence of fatal …

Since their inception, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been used as
first-line therapy for the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases. They restore the …