All organisms must sense and respond to their external environments, and this signal
transduction often involves second messengers such as cyclic nucleotides. One such …

The pathophysiological effects resulting from many bacterial diseases are caused by
exotoxins released by the bacteria. Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming bacterium, is such a …

Anthrax lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET) are the major virulence factors of anthrax and
can replicate the lethality and symptoms associated with the disease. This review provides …

Anthrax is a severe, although rather rare, infectious disease that is caused by the Gram-
positive, spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The infectious form is the spore and the …

Major clinical challenges for obstetricians and neonatologists result from early cervix
remodeling and preterm birth. Complications related to cervix remodeling or delivery …

Bacterial products can act on neurons to alter signaling and function. In the present study,
we found that dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons are enriched for ANTXR2, the …

To ensure their survival, a number of bacterial and plant species have evolved a common
strategy to capture energy from other biological systems. Being imperfect pathogens …

Infectious microbes face an unwelcoming environment in their mammalian hosts, which
have evolved elaborate multicelluar systems for recognition and elimination of invading …

Bacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent for anthrax, secretes edema factor (EF) to disrupt
intracellular signaling pathways. Upon translocation into host cells and association with a …

Anthrax toxin-receptor interactions are critical for toxin delivery to the host cell cytoplasm.
This review summarizes what is known about the molecular details of the protective antigen …