Developmental periods such as gestation and adolescence have enhanced plasticity
leaving the brain vulnerable to harmful effects from nicotine use. Proper brain maturation …

Although ionotropic glutamate receptors and nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine (ACh) have
usually been studied separately, they are often co-localized and functionally inter …

Abstract The Roman High-(RHA) and Low-(RLA) avoidance rat lines/strains were generated
through bidirectional selective breeding for rapid (RHA) vs. extremely poor (RLA) two-way …

Cue-induced cocaine craving progressively intensifies (incubates) after withdrawal from
cocaine self-administration in rats and humans. In rats, the expression of incubation …

In rodents, prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) has been associated with increased risk for
development of cognitive and emotional disturbances, but the findings are somewhat …

Over 70 million European pregnant women are smokers during their child-bearing years.
Consumption of tobacco-containing products during pregnancy is associated with several …

Abstract Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that smoking cessation
rates among women have stagnated in the past decade and estimates that hundreds of …

As we cycle between the states of wakefulness and sleep, a bilateral cholinergic nucleus in
the pontine brain stem, the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT), plays a critical role in controlling …

The brainstem has traditionally been considered an area of the brain with autonomous
control of mostly homeostatic functions such as heart rate, respiration, and the sleep and …

Nicotine exposure causes well characterized neurotoxic effects, which are highly dependent
on the age of exposure. During early development, nicotine exposure causes persistent …