In many asthmatics, chronic airway inflammation is driven by IL-4-, IL-5-, and IL-13-
producing Th2 cells or ILC2s. Type 2 cytokines promote hallmark features of the disease …

The model of asthma as a single entity has now been replaced by a much more complex
biological network of distinct and interrelating inflammatory pathways. The term asthma is …

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease associated with type 2 cytokines
interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13, which promote airway eosinophilia, mucus …

Asthma is a chronic airway disease, which affects more than 300 million people. The
pathogenesis of asthma exhibits marked heterogeneity with many phenotypes defining …

Mast cells are hematopoietic cells that reside in virtually all vascularized tissues and that
represent potential sources of a wide variety of biologically active secreted products …

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common clinical syndrome that produces significant
morbidity and costs to our health system. The study of CRS has progressed from an era …

Immune response in the asthmatic respiratory tract is mainly driven by CD4+ T helper (Th)
cells, represented by Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, especially Th2 cells. Asthma is a …

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. While the local infiltration of
eosinophils and mast cells, and their role in the disease have long been recognized …

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are innate counterparts of T cells that contribute to immune
responses by secreting effector cytokines and regulating the functions of other innate and …

Non‐T2 asthma is traditionally defined as asthma without features of T2 asthma. The
definition is arbitrary and is generally based on the presence of neutrophils in sputum, or the …