Linear accelerator-based free-electron lasers (FELs) are the leading source of fully coherent
X-rays with ultra-high peak powers and ultra-short pulse lengths. Current X-ray FEL facilities …

Toroidal moments in artificial media have received growing attention and considered as a
promising framework for initiating novel approaches to manage intrinsic radiative losses in …

Extreme ultraviolet and X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) produce short-wavelength pulses
with high intensity, ultrashort duration, well-defined polarization and transverse coherence …

Major advances in X-ray sources including the development of circularly polarized and
orbital angular momentum pulses make it possible to probe matter chirality at …

The time–energy information of ultrashort X-ray free-electron laser pulses generated by the
Linac Coherent Light Source is measured with attosecond resolution via angular streaking …

Over more than a century, X-rays have transformed our understanding of the fundamental
structure of matter and have been an indispensable tool for chemistry, physics, biology …

High-harmonic generation driven by femtosecond lasers makes it possible to capture the
fastest dynamics in molecules and materials. However, thus far, the shortest isolated …

This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The
aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the …

X-ray free-electron lasers are unique sources of high-brightness coherent radiation.
However, existing devices supply only linearly polarized light, precluding studies of chiral …

Generation of intense, fully coherent radiation with wide spectral coverage has been a long-
standing challenge for laser technologies. Several techniques have been developed in …