Obesity is a chronic, relapsing condition characterized by excess body fat. Its prevalence
has increased globally since the 1970s, and the number of obese and overweight people is …

Spermatogenesis and folliculogenesis involve cell–cell interactions and gene expression
orchestrated by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH …

Abstract Background Microplastics (MPs), which are smaller in size and difficult to degrade,
can be easily ingested by marine life and enter mammals through the food chain. Our …

A diverse array of sex determination (SD) mechanisms, encompassing environmental to
genetic, have been found to exist among vertebrates, covering a spectrum from fixed SD …

Male infertility is an attracting growing concern owing to decline in sperm quality of men
worldwide. Phthalates, in particular to di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) or its main …

During pregnancy, the mother must adapt her body systems to support nutrient and oxygen
supply for growth of the baby in utero and during the subsequent lactation. These include …

BACKGROUND Infertility is a major issue in human reproductive health, affecting an
estimated 15% of couples worldwide. Infertility can result from disorders of sex development …

Estrogens and androgens influence the growth and maintenance of the mammalian
skeleton and are responsible for its sexual dimorphism. Estrogen deficiency at menopause …

The human testis undergoes dramatic developmental and structural changes during
puberty, including proliferation and maturation of somatic niche cells, and the onset of …

Testosterone is essential for maintaining spermatogenesis and male fertility. However, the
molecular mechanisms by which testosterone acts have not begun to be revealed until …