Climate projections suggest–with substantial certainty–that global warming> 1.5° C will
occur by mid-century (2050). Population is also projected to increase, amplifying the …

Eutrophication is a complex process and often associated with not only a change in overall
algal biomass but also with a change in biodiversity. Common metrics of eutrophication (eg …

There is increasing concern that accelerating environmental change attributed to human-
induced warming of the planet may substantially alter the patterns, distribution and intensity …

Although algal blooms, including those considered toxic or harmful, can be natural
phenomena, the nature of the global problem of harmful algal blooms (HABs) has expanded …

In January 2003, the US Environmental Protection Agency sponsored a “roundtable
discussion” to develop a consensus on the relationship between eutrophication and harmful …

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for marine phytoplankton and indeed all life forms.
Current data show that P availability is growth‐limiting in certain marine systems and can …

Planktonic mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates are ubiquitous protists and often
abundant in marine environments. Recently many phototrophic dinoflagellate species have …

Coastal waters of the United States (US) are subject to many of the major harmful algal
bloom (HAB) poisoning syndromes and impacts. These include paralytic shellfish poisoning …

Historically most harmful algal species (HAS) have been thought to be strictly phototrophic.
Mixotrophy, the use of phototrophy and heterotrophy in combination, has been emphasized …

The oceans cover the majority of the Earth's surface; they influence our climate and provide
a valuable source of food to billions of people. Yet despite its fundamental impact on our …