The present paper addresses driving mechanisms of global monsoon (GM) variability and
outstanding issues in GM science. This is the second synthesis of the PAGES GM Working …

Interest in stratospheric aerosol and its role in climate have increased over the last decade
due to the observed increase in stratospheric aerosol since 2000 and the potential for …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

This chapter addresses the biogeochemical cycles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
and nitrous oxide (N2O). The three greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere …

The new Max‐Planck‐Institute Earth System Model (MPI‐ESM) is used in the Coupled
Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) in a series of climate change experiments …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

Climate Variability and Change since 850 CE: An Ensemble Approach with the Community
Earth System Model in: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Volume 97 Issue 5 (2016) …

ECHAM6, the sixth generation of the atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM, is
described. Major changes with respect to its predecessor affect the representation of …

MPI‐ESM is a new version of the global Earth system model developed at the Max Planck
Institute for Meteorology. This paper describes the ocean state and circulation as well as …