A powerful influence on the weather that we experience on the ground can be exerted by the
stratosphere. This highly stratified layer of Earth's atmosphere is found 10 to 50 kilometres …

Climate geoengineering proposals seek to rectify the current radiative imbalance via either
(1) reducing incoming solar radiation (solar radiation management) or (2) removing CO 2 …

This chapter assesses the capacity of the global climate models used elsewhere in this
report for projecting future climate change. Confidence in model estimates of future climate …

Evidence of the effect of external influences on the climate system has continued to
accumulate since the Third Assessment Report (TAR). The evidence now available is …

Information about climate and how it responds to increased greenhouse gas concentrations
depends heavily on insight gained from numerical simulations by coupled climate models …

Understanding natural causes of climate change is vital to evaluate the relative impacts of
human pollution and land surface modification on climate. We have investigated one of the …

Abstract The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the major source of variability in winter
atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere, with large impacts on temperature …

We have used the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model to produce a small (three‐
member) ensemble of simulations of the period 1950–2003. Comparison of model results …

Large volcanic eruptions are an important driving factor of natural climate variability. A
sound assessment of the role of volcanoes in the climate system in comparison to other …

Anthropogenic stratospheric aerosol production, so as to reduce solar insolation and cool
Earth, has been suggested as an emergency response to geoengineer the planet in …