Prenatal and early postnatal life represent key periods of immune system development. In
addition to genetics and host biology, environment has a large and irreversible role in the …

The adaptive immune system has the enormous challenge to protect the host through the
generation and differentiation of pathogen‐specific short‐lived effector T cells while in …

Infancy and childhood are critical life stages for generating immune memory to protect
against pathogens; however, the timing, location, and pathways for memory development in …

CD8+ T cells are classically recognized as adaptive lymphocytes based on their ability to
recognize specific foreign antigens and mount memory responses. However, recent studies …

Heterogeneity is a hallmark feature of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates. Following
infection, naive T cells differentiate into various subsets of effector and memory T cells …

Neonatal CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have historically been characterized as immature or
defective. However, recent studies prompt a reinterpretation of the functions of neonatal T …

The defense against infectious diseases, either through natural immunity or after
vaccinations, relies on the generation and maintenance of protective T cell memory. Naïve T …

Microbial colonization of the infant gastrointestinal tract (GIT) begins at birth, is shaped by
the maternal microbiota, and is profoundly altered by antibiotic treatment. Antibiotic …

Microbial exposure during development can elicit long-lasting effects on the health of an
individual. However, how microbial exposure in early life leads to permanent changes in the …

Respiratory infectious diseases encountered early in life may result in life-threatening
disease in neonates, which is primarily explained by the relatively naive neonatal immune …