The health risks of space radiation are arguably the most serious challenge to space
exploration, possibly preventing these missions due to safety concerns or increasing their …

Space travel has advanced significantly over the last six decades with astronauts spending
up to 6 months at the International Space Station. Nonetheless, the living environment while …

The activity of the Sun alternates between a solar minimum and a solar maximum, the former
corresponding to a period of “quieter” status of the heliosphere. During solar minimum, it is …

On 28 October 2021, solar eruptions caused intense and long‐lasting solar energetic
particle (SEP) flux enhancements observed by spacecraft located over a wide longitudinal …

This study provides, for the first time, complete and validated observations from the first three
years (2009–2011) of the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission. Energetic neutral …

ExoMars is a two-launch mission undertaken by Roscosmos and European Space Agency.
Trace Gas Orbiter, a satellite part of the 2016 launch carries the Fine Resolution Neutron …

A novel concept is presented in this paper for a human mission to the lunar L2 (Lagrange)
point that would be a proving ground for future exploration missions to deep space while …

The Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) measures linear energy
transfer by Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) on the Lunar …

Over the last decade, the solar wind has exhibited low densities and magnetic field
strengths, representing anomalous states that have never been observed during the space …

During a stay on the moon humans are exposed to elevated radiation levels due to the lack
of substantial atmospheric and magnetic shielding compared to the Earth's surface. The …