Breathing is a well-described, vital and surprisingly complex behaviour, with behavioural
and physiological outputs that are easy to directly measure. Key neural elements for …

Circadian clocks organize behavior and physiology to adapt to daily environmental cycles.
Genetic approaches in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have revealed widely …

Sleep is conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates, and is tightly regulated in a
homeostatic manner. The molecular and cellular mechanisms that determine the amount of …

Cell excitability and its modulation by hormones and neurotransmitters involve the concerted
action of a large repertoire of membrane proteins, especially ion channels. Unique …

Circadian clocks regulate membrane excitability in master pacemaker neurons to control
daily rhythms of sleep and wake. Here, we find that two distinctly timed electrical drives …

Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of
the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an …

Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) fire spontaneously in a
pacemaker-like manner. We analyzed the ionic currents that drive pacemaking in …

Nicotine dependence is linked to single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CHRNB4-
CHRNA3-CHRNA5 gene cluster encoding the α3β4α5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor …

In contrast to its extensively studied intracellular roles, the molecular mechanisms by which
extracellular Ca 2+ regulates the basal excitability of neurons are unclear. One mechanism …

This article summarizes some of the effects of stimulating muscarinic receptors on nerve cell
activity as observed by recording from single nerve cells and cholinergic synapses in the …