In this review, we consider the definitions and experimental approaches to emotional
contagion and prosocial behaviour in mammals and explore their evolutionary …

Animals can reduce their uncertainty of predation risk by gathering new information via
exploration behaviour. However, a decision to explore may also be costly due to increased …

Prolonging alarm cues in an area can potentially decrease foraging and increase the anti-
predator behaviors in sea urchins. In this study we investigated a method of prolonging the …

Existence of predator is routinely used to induce fear and anxiety in prey which is well
known for shaping entire ecosystem. Fear of predation restricts the development of prey and …

Exposure to predation risk can induce a fearful baseline state, as well as fear reactions
toward novel situations (ie, neophobia). Some research indicates that risk exposure during …

Freshwater fishes are threatened by anthropogenic disturbances such as increased
temperatures and turbidity. These abiotic stressors can have important impacts on …

Disturbance cues are metabolic byproducts that are argued to function as 'early warning
signals' where both the senders and receivers can benefit from their release. These …

Social learning, ie, learning from others, can be essential for rapidly adapting to changing
environments, particularly those involving novel risks. The functional importance of learning …